Coverage obligations require operators to build networks beyond commercially attractive areas. Widely used but inconsistently enforced, they generate a lot of debate in the world of spectrum policy. Read more...

Spectrum caps are nearly universal in 5G auctions, yet solid evidence that they work remains elusive. Their absence from the US market may offer a cautionary tale. Read more...

Licence duration is increasingly seen as a lever for investment, but the evidence is mixed. PolicyTracker’s database reveals divergent trends in Europe and the US. Read more...

Firm evidence that spectrum caps, coverage obligations and longer licences shape markets remains elusive, but experts still believe such tools matter. Read more...

The idea of pan-European spectrum regulation has been circling for decades, and it has now led to an overhaul of spectrum governance in the European Commission's proposed Digital Networks Act. Read more...

The EU’s 5G rollout has been built around the harmonised “pioneer bands”: 700 MHz, 3.4–3.8 GHz, and 26 GHz. Six years after the deadline for member states to hold auctions of this spectrum, the European Commission has concluded that 5G rollout has been inadequate and has launched an overhaul of… Read more...

Europe is currently looking at a harmonised approach for the upper 6 GHz band. Read more...

Decisions about spectrum use in Europe are made both at the national and EU level. This research note explores the EU spectrum policy framework. Read more...

Fragmented and often delayed 5G spectrum awards across the Balkans have created a widening deployment gap between EU and non‑EU markets in the region. Read more...

Current status of 3.3 - 4.2 GHz assignments in Europe Read more...