Bharti Airtel is the second-largest mobile operator in India with a total of 466 million mobile subscribers at the end of 2025. Read more...

Telefónica is a diversified telecommunications group operating mainly in Europe and Latin America. With 390 million customers worldwide, of whom 298.6 million are mobile customers, it provides extensive 4G coverage and continues to build out its 5G and 5G standalone networks. Read more...

Airtel is Africa’s second-largest mobile operator. Through the G6 coalition of mobile operators, it is advocating for policymaking that drives digital inclusion across Africa. Read more...

Axiata Group Berhad is a Malaysian telecommunications group with investments across several Asian countries in mobile network operations, communications infrastructure and digital services. Read more...

SoftBank Corp, part of the SoftBank Group headed by Masayoshi Son, is a Japanese mobile operator. Read more...

e& is a telecoms group headquartered in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and operating in 38 countries across the Middle East, Asia, Africa and Central/Eastern Europe. Read more...

The idea of pan-European spectrum regulation has been circling for decades, and it has now led to an overhaul of spectrum governance in the European Commission's proposed Digital Networks Act. Read more...

The EU’s 5G rollout has been built around the harmonised “pioneer bands”: 700 MHz, 3.4–3.8 GHz, and 26 GHz. Six years after the deadline for member states to hold auctions of this spectrum, the European Commission has concluded that 5G rollout has been inadequate and has launched an overhaul of… Read more...

Europe is currently looking at a harmonised approach for the upper 6 GHz band. Read more...

Decisions about spectrum use in Europe are made both at the national and EU level. This research note explores the EU spectrum policy framework. Read more...